Studies on the Growth, Production and Component Contents of Chrysanthemum indicum Using Arduino-controlled Moisture Content Irrigation Systems
Asako Karasudani
National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
Yuya Asami
Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
Shoji Inoue
University of the Ryukyu, 1, Senbaru, Nishihara-cho, Nakagami, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
Horng-Liang Lay *
National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
The flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum L., when used as herbal medicines, are said to effectively relieve heat, pain, eye fatigue, and inflammation and be detoxifying. Recent studies have been conducted to control the growth environment of plants with the use of computers, Arduino company producing one such open-source control device. In this study, we evaluated the effect of a traditional ck irrigation system and three soil moisture volume content irrigation controlled by Arduino UNO on flowering, growth, production, and indicators of flower quality of C. indicum grown in pots in a greenhouse. For this study, we aimed to maintain soil moisture volume content to 35%-40%. Irrigation was set to be initiated when soil moisture volume content dropped to 25-30% (Is 30% group), 15-20% (Is 20% group) or 5-10% (Is 10% group). Flowering time was earlier in Is 30% and Is 20% plants than the traditional ck plants, while Is 10% plants did not flower throughout the cultivation period. Both the Is 30% and traditional ck plants produced significantly more total number of flowers and total dry weight of the flowers than Is 20% (Is 10% none). Traditional ck flowers have a significantly higher content of chlorogenic acid, myricetin and quercetin, indicators of quality. The other indicators, luteolin and apigenin were significantly higher than traditional ck and Is 30% plants. This study concluded that the Arduino UNO’s irrigation control system had a better effect on C. indicum growth and component content when irrigation was set Is 30%.
Keywords: Chrysanthemum indicum, irrigation system, growth, production
How to Cite
Downloads
References
Lin Y, Shi Z, Humphries CJ, Gilbert MG. Anthemideae. In Z. Wu et al. (ed.) Flora of China, Beijing. 2011;653-773.
Jiangsu new medical college. Dictionary of Chinese materia medical science and technology. NanJing university of Chinese medicine, Shanghai. 1993;2144-2145.
Matsuda H, Morikawa T, Toguchida I, Harima S, Yoshikawa M. Medicinal flowers. VI. Absolute stereostructures of two new flavanone glycosides and a phenylbutanoid glycoside from the flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum L.: their inhibitory activities for rat lens aldose reductase. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2002; 50:972-975.
Yoshikawa M, Morikawa T, Murakami T, Toguchida I, Harima S, Matsuda H. Medicinal flowers. I. Aldose reductase inhibitors and three new eudesmane-type sesquiterpenes, kikkanols A, B, and C, from the flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum L. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1999; 47:340-345.
Shen S, Sha Y, Deng C, Zhang X, Fu D, Chen J. Quality assessment of flos chrysanthemi indici from different growing areas in China by solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry J, Chromatogr A. 2004; 1047:281-287.
Hao BJ, Wu YH, Wang JG, Hu SQ, Keil DJ, Hu HJ, Zhao Y. Hepatoprotective and antiviral properties of isochlorogenic acid A from Laggera alata against hepatitis B virus infection. J. Ethnopharmacology. 2012;144:190-194.
Asrar AWA, Elhindi KM. Alleviation of drought stress of marigold (Tagetes erecta) plants by using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Saudi J. Biomed. 2011;18:93-98.
Baghalian K, Abdoshah S, Khalighi-Sigaroodi F, Paknejad F. Physiological and phytochemical response to drought stress of German chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.). Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2011;49:201-207.
Sun J, Gu J, Zeng J, Han S, Song A, Chen F, Fang W, Jiang J, Chen S. Changes in leaf morphology, antioxidant activity and photosynthesis capacity in two different drought-tolerant cultivars of chrysanthemum during and after water stress. Scientia Horticulturae. 2013;161: 249-258.
Hodaei M, Rahimmalek M, Arzani A, Talebi M. The effect of water stress on phytochemical accumulation, bioactive compounds and expression of key genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis in Chrysanthemum morifolium L. Ind. Crops Prod. 2018;120:295-304.
Yasheshwar SU, Sharma MP, Khan W, Ahmad S. Variation in ornamental traits, physiological responses of Tagetes erecta L. and T. patula L. in relation to antioxidant and metabolic profile under deficit irrigation strategies. Scientia Horticulturae. 2017; 214:200-208.
Ali AS, Zanzinger Z, Debose D, Stephens B. Open Source Building Science Sensors (OSBSS): A low-cost Arduino-based platform for long-term indoor environmental data collection. Building and Environment. 2016;100:114-126.
Ramadan KM, Oates MJ, Molina-Martinez JM, Ruiz-Canales A. Design and implementation of a low cost photovoltaic soil moisture monitoring station for irrigation scheduling with different frequency domain analysis probe structures. Comput. Electron. Agr. 2018; 148:148-159.
Oates MJ, Ramadan K, Molina-Martínez JM, Ruiz-Canales A, Automatic fault detection in a low cost frequency domain (capacitance based) soil moisture sensor. Agr. Water Manage. 2017;183:41-48.
Tyagi A, Gupta N, Navani JP, Tiwari MR, Gupta MA. Smart irrigation system. IOSR-JECE. 2017;3:9-12.
Agrawal N, Singhal S. Smart drip irrigation system using raspberry pi and arduino. Int. J. Sci. Res. 2015;5:928-932.
Abraham EM, Huang B, Bonos SA, Meyer WA. Evaluation of drought resistance for Texas bluegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and their hybrids. Crop Sci. 2004;44:1746-1753.
Galmés J, Flexas J, Savé R, Medrano H. Water relations and stomatal characteristics of Mediterranean plants with different growth forms and leaf habits: responses to water stress and recovery. Plant Soil. 2007;290:139-155.
Taweesak V, Lee Abdullah T, Hassan SA, Kamarulzaman NH, Wan Yusoff WA. Growth and flowering responses of cut chrysanthemum grown under restricted root volume to irrigation frequency. Sci. World J. 2014;1-6.
Perkin AG. CXCIII. — Myricetin. Part III. Journal of the Chemical Society Transactions. 1911;99:1721-1725.
Zhou Y, Zheng J, Li Y, Xu DP, Li S, Chen YM, Li HB. Natural polyphenols for prevention and treatment of cancer. Nutrients. 2016;8:515-523.
Lim SH, Jung SK, Byun S, Lee EJ, Hwang JA, Seo SG, Lee HJ. Luteolin suppresses UVB‐induced photoageing by targeting JNK1 and p90RSK2. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 2013;17:672-680.
Lin Y, Shi R, Wang X, Shen HM. Luteolin, a flavonoid with potential for cancer prevention and therapy. Current Cancer Drug Targets. 2008;8:634-646.
Kumari A, Yadav SK, Pakade YB, Singh B, Yadav SC. Development of biodegradable nanoparticles for delivery of quercetin. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces. 2010; 80:184-192.
Kleemann R, Verschuren L, Morrison M, Zadelaar S, Erk MJ, Wielinga PY, Kooistra T. Anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and anti-atherosclerotic effects of quercetin in human In vitro and In vivo models. Atherosclerosis. 2011;218:44-52.
Sasaki K, Alamed J, Weiss J, Villeneuve P, Giraldo LJL, Lecomte J, Decker EA. Relationship between the physical properties of chlorogenic acid esters and their ability to inhibit lipid oxidation in oil-in-water emulsions. Food Chem. 2010; 118:830-835.
Kang J, Liu Y, Xie MX, Li S, Jiang M, Wang YD. Interactions of human serum albumin with chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid. BBA General Subjects. 2004; 1674:205-214.