Effect of Rhizobium Inoculation and Phosphate Rock Fertilizer Application on Biomass Production, Nutrient use Efficiency and Yield Parameters of Green Gram (Vigna radiata)
Asian Journal of Agricultural and Horticultural Research,
Page 47-59
DOI:
10.9734/ajahr/2022/v9i230141
Abstract
The research was focused on an ecologically sound and highly production of legumes particularly green gram through the application of Rhizobium and rock phosphate fertilizer. Therefore, biomass production, nutrient use efficiency and yield parameters were determined for two growing seasons (November 2019 - January 2020 and February - April 2020), at Chuka university horticultural research farm. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in green grams can improve sustainable soil fertility management and increased production. In Kenya, green gram is a major source of food security particularly in Tharaka Nithi County. However, green gram yields are usually low due to low phosphorous and nitrogen levels of the soil. A factorial experiment of 2 x 2 x 2 was laid out in a randomized complete block design. There were three factors, varieties (N26-nylon and KS20-uncle), phosphate rock (0 and 30 kg P ha-1) and Rhizobium MEA 716 (0 and 100 g ha-1) making a total of eight treatments which were replicated three times. Soil sampling and analyses were done before planting and after harvesting of green grams. Data on grain yield, total dry biomass, shoot and root dry weights. Phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) were done. Data was analysed using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS). Significant means were separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at probability level of 5 %. Results for both wet and dry seasons indicated that variety KS20 under Rhizobium inoculation and phosphate rock fertilizer (R1P1V2) showed significantly (P<0.05) higher increase in shoot dry biomass (52.01 g plant-1), root dry biomass (7.60 g plant-1), total dry biomass (146.4 g plant-1), number of pods (84 plant-1) and yield (2158 kg ha-1). Also, there was significant (P<0.05) higher phosphorous use efficiency of 279.32 Kg/ha and nitrogen use efficiency of 1732 kg/ha in treatment R1P1V2 over other treatments. From these results it was concluded that variety KS20 (V2) performed better compared to N26 (V1) under combined application of Rhizobium and phosphate rock fertilizer. Hence, based on the findings, for sustainable and improved green gram production farmers in Tharaka Nithi County.
Keywords:
- Green gram varieties
- nutrient use efficiency
- factorial experiment
- sustainable production and food security
How to Cite
Mbaka, F. K., Ndukhu, H. O., Oloo-Abucheli, G. O., & Kiplangat, C. T. (2022). Effect of Rhizobium Inoculation and Phosphate Rock Fertilizer Application on Biomass Production, Nutrient use Efficiency and Yield Parameters of Green Gram (Vigna radiata). Asian Journal of Agricultural and Horticultural Research, 9(2), 47-59. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajahr/2022/v9i230141
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Bhullar GS, Bhullar NK. Agricultural Sustainablilty: Progress and Prospects in Crop Research; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology: Zurich, Switzerland; 2013.
Dacko M, Zajac T, Synowiec A, Oleksy A, Klimek-Kopyra A, Kulig B. New approach to determine biological and environmental factorsinfluencing mass of a single pea (Pisum sativum L.) seed in Silesiaregion in Poland using a CART model. Eur. J. Agron. 2016;74:29–37.
Baligar VC, Fageria NK, He ZL. Nutrient use efficiency in plants. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 2001;32:921–950.
He ZL, Yang XE, Stoffella PJ. Trace elements in agroecosystems and impacts on the environment. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 2005;19:125–140.
Than H, Aung NN, Kyi PP. Response of rhizobial peat inoculants on five important legumes. In Proceedings of the Myanmar Agricultural Science Research Division, 18th Congress, Yezin, Myanmar, 1987;1–12.
Buruchara R, Chirwa R, Sperling L, Munkakusi C, Rubyongo JC, Muthoni R, Abang MM. Development and delivery of bean varieties in Pan-Africa Bean Research alliance. African Crop Science Journal. 2011;19(4):227-245.
Buri A, Nkonya EM, Mairura FS. The effect of commercial Rhizobia on the soil total organic carbon levels; 2009.
Carsky RJ, Iwuafor ENO. Contribution of soil fertility research and maintenance to improved legume production and productivity in sub-Saharan Africa. In: Proceedings of Regional Legume Workshop, 29 May – 2 June, 2001, Benin Republic. Cotonuo: IITA. 2017;1(5):29 – 38.
Casanova E, Solorzano PR. Sorghum and soybean response to natural and modified phosphate rock on acid soils. Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 2004;25:215-224
Catroux G, Hartmann A, Revellin C. Trends in Rhizobial inoculant production and use. Plant and Soil. 2001;230(1):21-30.
Chapman HD. Cation exchange capacity. In methods of soil Analysis. Black, C. A. (ed). 1965;Part 2:891-901. Number 9. Series Agronomy: Am. Inst. Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin.
Cheng X, Tian J. Status and perspectives of Vigna radiata production and research in China. In: N Tomooka, DA Vaughan (eds).Natl. inst. Agrobiol. sci, Tsukuba. 2011;110:83-86.
Cheng F, Cao G, Wang X, Zhao J, Yan X, Liao H. Identification and application of effective rhizobial strains for soybean on acid laterite soils in South China. Chinese Science Bulletin. 2008;53:2903-2910.
Chemining’wa GN, Muthomi J, Theuri S. Effect of rhizobia inoculation and starter-N on nodulation, shoot biomass and yield of grain legumes. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences. 2007;6 (7):1113-1118.
Chianu JN, Nkonya EM, Mairura FS, Chianu JN, Akinnifesi FK. Biological nitrogen fixation and socio-economic factors for legume production in sub- Saharan Africa: A review. Agron sustainhttps://doi.org/ 10.1051/agro/ 2010004. 2011;31:139 - 154.
Chianu N, Jonas, Chianu, Justina N, Mairura F. Mineral fertilizer in the farming systems of Sub-Saharan Africa. A review. Agronomy for sustainable Development. 2011;20:14 – 22.
Dahiya PK, Linnemann AR, Van Boekel MA, Khetarpaul N, Grewal RB, Nout MJ. The effects of Rhizobial Inoculation on Growth and Yield of Cowpea. 2015;4(20):87 – 115.
Danga BO, Ouma JP, Wakindiki IIC, Bar-Tal A. Legume-wheat rotation effects on residual soil moisture, nitrogen and wheat yield in tropical regions. In Donald, L.S (Ed). Advances in Agronomy. 2009;101:315-349.
Delic D, Stajkovic O, Kuzmanovic D, Rasulic N, Knezevic J, Vukcevic, Milicic B. The effects of Rhizobial inoculation on growth and yield of Vigna mungo in Serbian. 2009;4(25):117 – 139.
Ellafi A, Gadalla A, Gala Y. Bio fertilizers in action: Contributions of BNF in sustainable agricultural ecosystems. 2011;3 (2):21-28.
El Naim AM, Jaberereldar AA. Effect of plant density and cultivar on growth and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp). Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 2010;4(8):3148-3153.
Ezekiel-Adewoyin TD. Evaluation of the growth response of soybean (Glycine max L.) to some commercial fertilizers in the Guinea Savannah Agro - ecological zone of Ghana. Phd Thesis, Kwame Nkurumah University of Science and Technology. 2014;42(4):227 - 259.
FAO, (2012). Global statistics trends of green -gram production.www.foodstat 14: 225 - 251
FAO. World fertilizer use outlook. 2018; 3:71 – 93. Available: http:/www.fertilizer.org/ifa.
Fardeau JC, Zapata F. Phosphorus fertility recapitalization of nutrient-depleted tropical acid soils with reactive phosphate rock: An assessment using the isotopic exchange technique. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 2012;63(1):69 - 77.
Farid M, Navabi A. Nitrogen fixation ability of different dry bean genotypes. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 2015;95(6):1243 - 1257.
Fatima Z, Zia M, Chaudhary MF. Effect of Rhizobium strains and phosphorus on growth of soybean (Glycine max) and survival of Rhizobium and P solubilizing bacteria. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 2006;38:459-464.
Fatima Z, Zia M, Chaudhary MF. Interactive effect of Rhizobium strains and P on soybean yield, nitrogen fixation and soil fertility. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 2007;39:255-264.
Fontaine S, Mariotti A, Abbadie L. The priming effect of organic matter: a question of microbial competition. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2003;35(6):837-843.
Graham PH, Vance CP. Legumes: Importance and Constraints to Greater Use. Plant Physiology. 2000;131:3872–877
Gyaneshwar P, Kumar GN, Parekh L, Poole P. Role of soil microorganisms in improving P nutrition of plants. In food security in nutrient – stressed environment: Exploiting plants’ Genetic capabilities, 2002;25:133 – 143.
Hardarson G, Broughton WJ. Maximizing the methods of enhancing symbiotic nitrogen fixation in agriculture. Microbiology. 2010;10:85 - 109.
Hassan HMP, Marschner A, McNeill, Tang C. Grain legumes pre-crops and their residues affect the growth, P uptake and size of P pools in the rhizosphere of the following wheat. Biol Fertile Soils. 2012;31:152-174.
Hemalatha S, Praveen Rao V, Padmaja J, Suresh K. An overview on role of phosphorus and water deficits on growth, yield and quality of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology. 2013;10:188-201.
Henao J, Baanante C. Agricultural production and soil nutrient mining in Africa: Implication for rsource conservation and policy development. IFDC Tech. Bull. International Fertilizer Development Center. 2006;4(21):236-252.
Hernandez M, Cuevas F. The effect of inoculation with phosphorous on soybean (Glycine max (l.) Merrill) crop development cultivos-tropicales. 2003; 24(2):19-21.
Herridge D. Inoculation technology for legumes. In nitrogen –fixing leguminous symbioses. 2008;4(7):77-115.
Jaetzold R, Schmidt H, Hornetz B, Shisanya C. Farm management handbooks of Kenya, Vol. II: Natural conditions and farm management information, Part C East Kenya, Subpart CI Eastern province. Nairobi Kenya, Ministry of Agriculture. 2007;12:105-112.
Jaetzold, R., Hornetz, B and Shisanya, C (2013). Farm management handbook of Kenya, Natural conditions and farm management information, Part C Eastern Kenya, Subpart CI Eastern province. Nairobi Kenya, Ministry of Agriculture. 2: 235-254
Jain AK, Kumar S, Panwar JD. Effect of phosphorous and micronutrients with seed inoculation on green grams (Vigna radiate L.). Advance in Plant science. 2008; 20(2):295-297.
Jain AK, Kumar S, Panwar JD. Role of Rhizobium, phosphorous and micronutrients on growth and nodulation of green grams (Vigna radiate). Advance Plant science. 2007;22(1):309-310.
Hungria M, Franchini J, Campo R, Graham P. The importance of nitrogen fixation to soybean cropping in South America. In: D. Werner and W. Newton, (eds.), Nitrogen Fixation in Agriculture, Forestry, Ecology, and the Environment. Netherlands: Springer. 2005;45(2):25–42.
Jabbar BKA, Saud HM. Effects of phosphorus on biological nitrogen fixation in soybean under irrigation using saline water. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Agriculture and Biology 2012;12(1):2246-2256.
Jacob J, Lawlo DW. Dependence of photosysthesis of sunflower and maize leaves on phosphate supply, ribulose-1,5- bisphosphate supply, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/ oxygenease activity and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate pool size. Plant Physiology. 2013;98:801-807.
Jansa J, Bationo A, Frossard E, Rao IM. Options for improving plant nutrition to increase common bean production in Africa. In fighting poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa. The multiple roles of legumes in integrated soil fertility management. 2011;110:201-240.
Kahraman, A., Adali, M., Onder, M and Koc, N (2014). Mungbean as human food. In. J. Agriculture and Econonomic Development. 2 (2): 9-17.
Kamanga BCG, Whitbread A, Wall P, Waddington SR, Almekinders C, Giller KE. Farmer evaluation of phosphorus fertilizer application to annual legumes in Chisepo, Central Malawi. African Journal of Agricultural. Research. 2010;5(8):668 -680.
Kellman AW. Rhizobium inoculation, cultivar and management effects on the growth , development and yield of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L ). Thesis PhD, Lincoln University. 2008;4:46 – 59.
Khan MJ, Drochner W, Steingass H, Islam KMS. The influence of inoculations of Rhizobium in NPK nutrient uptake. Indian J. Animal Science. 2008;78(11):1273-1277.
Mugendi E, Gitonga N, Cheruiyot R, Maingi J. Biological nitrogen fixation by promiscuous soybean (Glycine max L. Merril) in the central highlands of Kenya: Response to inorganic fertilizer soil amendments. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2010;6(4):381-387.
Murphy. Macro and Micro – nutrients, pH range for soil fertility maintenance and replenishment. American society of Agronomy. 2007;10:193 – 217.
Kimani PM, Gicharu GK, Mburugu N, Boga, Cheruiyot R. Nodulation and yield of bush and climbing beans inoculated with rhizobial strains. Bean improvement cooperative. Annual Report (USA) 2007;16(50):181-182.
Kowale GO, Tian G. Phosphorous fractionation and crop performance on soils amended with phosphate rock. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2007; 6:1972-1978.
Kumaga F, Etu-Bonde K. Response of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Response of to bradyRhizobia inoculation and phosphorous application. International Journal of agriculture and Biology (Pakistan). 2011;3:52-56.
Lamptey S, Ahiabor BD, Yeboah S, Akech C, Asamoah. Responses of soybean (Glycine max) to rhizobial inoculation and phosphorous Apllication. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agriculture Sciences. 2014;2(1):73-77.
Leghari SJ, Buriro M, Jogi Q, Kandhro MN, Leghari AJ. Depletion of phosphorous reserves, a big threat to agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities in Science. 2016;28:2697 – 2702.
Mabrouk Y, Hemissi I, Salem IB, Mejri S, Saidi M, Belhadji O. Potential of Rhizobial in improving nitrogen fixationand Yields of Legumes. Symbiosis. 2018; 107.
Available:https://doi.org/10: 38: 65
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